资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
美媒文章:欧洲为什么与美国对华出口管制抗争******
参考消息网1月2日报道美国外交学者网站2022年12月27日发表德国墨卡托中国研究所分析师安东尼娅·赫迈迪和丽贝卡·阿塞萨蒂的文章,题为《欧洲为什么与美国对华出口管制抗争》。全文摘编如下:
2022年10月,美国对中国实施了迄今为止最大规模的出口管制。这些规则寻求限制中国获得先进半导体技术的机会,其目的是迅速利用美国的影响力来削弱中国的超级计算和人工智能能力。
新的管制措施大大加剧了中美科技竞争。美国总统国家安全事务助理杰克·沙利文说,美国希望在人工智能和其他“力量倍增技术”方面“保持尽可能大的领先优势”。
但这是有风险的。除非其他主要半导体生产国加入(这些国家迄今为止一直不愿这样做),否则,其中一些管制措施不会取得效果。
新的出口管制措施最初引发了关于现有规则、即外国直接产品规则所涵盖范围的困惑,外国直接产品规则对一些在海外制造的产品实施出口管制。由于美国的技术在半导体供应链上几乎无处不在,因此美国可以授权或阻止域外销售。事实上,这些并不涵盖半导体制造设备,因此最初阿斯麦控股公司的设备可以不受美国长臂管辖。沿着这条道路前进可能损害美国的利益,也会严重削弱盟国间的信任。关键是,华盛顿可以在它愿意的时候利用自己的影响力。
信任问题并不新鲜。尽管经济上的考虑在美国的出口管制法规中没有一席之地,但华盛顿对全球技术贸易越来越多的干预引发了人们对保护主义的担忧。
阿斯麦控股公司首席执行官彼得·温宁克抱怨说,华盛顿偏心美国半导体制造设备领域的企业,证据是它近年来大力游说荷兰政府,这导致荷兰拒绝发放对华出口极紫外光刻机的许可。这些抱怨表明信任受到削弱并且人们认为美国采取了贸易保护主义做法。
各国政府处境艰难,因为它们必须确保这样的出口管制措施不会扼杀本国产业。例如,如果没有日本的支持,欧洲或荷兰的单边管控将使日本竞争对手获得优势。已经有迹象表明,中国企业可能正在转向日本的半导体制造设备生产商,因为这些企业使用的美国技术更少,因此更不可能受未来涉及半导体制造设备的外国直接产品规则影响。
来自中国的收入对许多半导体公司来说至关重要。
尽管美国正在劝说伙伴国减少在芯片和电动汽车电池等其他领域对中国的依赖,但欧洲企业担心去全球化的代价。芯片供应链之所以高效,是因为它是全球性的、一体化的。如果供应链分崩离析,越来越多的国家奉行谋求自力更生的政策,芯片的成本就会上升。欧洲工业需要越来越多的芯片,不仅是在高科技行业,还有正被自动化和数字化改造的汽车等低技术领域。
然而,追求完全自给自足的供应链并不现实。
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)